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Using specialized DNA technology to produce multiple, exact copies of a single gene or other segment of DNA to obtain enough material for further study. This process, used by researchers in the Human Genome Project, is referred to as cloning DNA. The resulting cloned (copied) collections of DNA molecules are called clone libraries. A second type of cloning exploits the natural process of cell division to make many copies of an entire cell. The genetic makeup of these cloned cells, called a cell line, is identical to the original cell. A third type of cloning produces complete, genetically identical animals such as the famous Scottish sheep, Dolly.
See also: cloning vector.
Industry:Biology
Determination of the order of nucleotides (base sequences) in a DNA or RNA molecule or the order of amino acids in a protein..
Industry:Biology
The group of related organisms used in constructing a genetic map..
Industry:Biology
DNA molecule originating from a virus, a plasmid, or the cell of a higher organism into which another DNA fragment of appropriate size can be integrated without loss of the vector's capacity for self-replication; vectors introduce foreign DNA into host cells, where the DNA can be reproduced in large quantities. Examples are plasmids, cosmids, and yeast artificial chromosomes; vectors are often recombinant molecules containing DNA sequences from several sources..
Industry:Biology
The instrumentation and procedures used to determine the order of nucleotides in DNA..
Industry:Biology
The X or Y chromosome in human beings that determines the sex of an individual. Females have two X chromosomes in diploid cells; males have an X and a Y chromosome. The sex chromosomes comprise the 23rd chromosome pair in a karyotype.
See also: autosome.
Industry:Biology
An instrument used to identify chemicals in a substance by their mass and charge..
Industry:Biology
Situation in which two different alleles for a genetic trait are both expressed.
See also: autosomal dominant, recessive gene.
Industry:Biology
