- 업종: Weather
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The American Meteorological Society promotes the development and dissemination of information and education on the atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic sciences and the advancement of their professional applications. Founded in 1919, AMS has a membership of more than 14,000 professionals, ...
The state of a fluid with surfaces of constant pressure and constant mass (or density) coincident and horizontal throughout. Complete balance exists between the force of gravity and the pressure force. The relation between the pressure and the geometric height is given by the hydrostatic equation. The analysis of atmospheric stability has been developed most completely for an atmosphere in hydrostatic equilibrium. See parcel method, slice method, quasi-hydrostatic approximation.
Industry:Weather
The scientific study of the waters of the earth, especially with relation to the effects of precipitation and evaporation upon the occurrence and character of water in streams, lakes, and on or below the land surface. In terms of the hydrologic cycle, the scope of hydrology may be defined as that portion of the cycle from precipitation to evaporation or return of the water to the seas. Applied hydrology utilizes scientific findings to predict rates and amounts of runoff (river forecasting), estimate required spillway and reservoir capacities, study soil–water–plant relationships in agriculture, estimate available water supply, and for other applications necessary to the management of water resources. Compare hydrography.
Industry:Weather
The solid, crystalline form of water substance; it is found in the atmosphere as snow crystals, hail, ice pellets, etc. , and on the earth's surface in forms such as hoarfrost, rime, glaze, sea ice, glacier ice, ground ice, frazil, anchor ice, etc. This form of water is, strictly speaking, called ice I, the only one of the several known modifications of solid water substance that is stable at commonly occurring temperatures and pressures. (Some of the other forms have very unusual properties, ice VII, for example, being stable only at pressures above 22 400 kg cm−2, but then existing at temperatures up to about 100°C. ) Ice has an open structure because the water molecules bond to their neighbors covalently only in four directions; it therefore floats on higher density water, where broken molecular bonds permit closer packing. All commonly occurring forms of ice are crystalline, although large single crystals are relatively rare except in glaciers. The ice crystal lattice possesses hexagonal symmetry that manifests itself in the gross forms of such single crystals as are sometimes found in snow. At an air pressure of one atmosphere, ice melts at 0°C by definition of the Celsius temperature scale. (Strictly at equilibrium among water, ice, and vapor occurs at +0. 01°C, the triple point. ) On the other hand, ice does not invariably form in liquid water cooled below this temperature; it has a tendency to supercool, more so in the absence of ice nuclei. See Bernal–Fowler rules, ice crystal.
Industry:Weather
The seaward facing, clifflike edge of an ice shelf (so called by the British Antarctic Place– Names Committee).
Industry:Weather
The relative ability of a substance (as an aerosol) to adsorb water vapor from its surroundings and ultimately dissolve.
Industry:Weather
The scan spot size or instantaneous geographic coverage of a satellite sensor.
Industry:Weather
The reduction of the mathematical equations of a problem to nondimensional units of space, time, and mass; or testing such equations for invariance under any group of transformations. The procedure stands in close relation to dimensional analysis and usually gives rise to a set of nondimensional numbers appearing as coefficients in the governing equations. These can always be arranged to be the same as the nondimensional numbers of parameters of a corresponding dimensional analysis.
Industry:Weather
The receipt of data by a computer system. The source of the data is often another computer or data distribution system.
Industry:Weather
